The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy, integrity, and reliability of the scholarly record. When errors or concerns are identified after publication, appropriate editorial actions may be taken to correct the literature in a transparent, timely, and proportionate manner.
Post-publication issues may be identified by authors, editors, reviewers, or readers. All reported concerns are subject to editorial assessment to determine their nature, scope, and potential impact on the validity and integrity of the published work. Authors are informed of such concerns and are given the opportunity to provide clarification or additional information where appropriate.
Depending on the nature of the issue, one or more of the following actions may be taken:
Erratum
An erratum may be issued to correct errors introduced during the editorial or production process, such as typographical mistakes, formatting errors, or inaccuracies that occurred after manuscript acceptance. Errata are issued when the error does not affect the scientific content, interpretation, or conclusions of the article.
Corrigendum
A corrigendum may be issued when authors identify errors originating from the submitted manuscript, including mistakes in data presentation, author information, figures, or text, provided that these errors do not compromise the overall validity or conclusions of the work. Authors are expected to notify the editorial office when such errors are discovered promptly.
Correction
A correction may be published as a general mechanism to address errors that require formal amendment of the published record but do not invalidate the article. Corrections may be used in place of, or alongside, errata or corrigenda, depending on editorial practice, and are clearly linked to the original article.
Expression of Concern
An expression of concern may be issued when there are serious questions regarding the integrity, reliability, or ethical compliance of a published article. Still, the available information is insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion. This may occur, for example, when an investigation is ongoing or when key information cannot be verified promptly.
Retraction
A retraction may be issued when errors, data integrity issues, plagiarism, or other serious concerns are identified that substantially undermine the reliability of the findings or conclusions of the article. Retractions are intended to correct the scholarly record and do not necessarily imply misconduct by the authors.
All editorial actions related to corrections, expressions of concern, or retractions are conducted in accordance with established editorial and ethical guidelines. Notices are clearly identified, publicly accessible, and permanently linked to the original article to ensure transparency and accountability.